Они запили прослойку WSL, которая транслирует Linux команды в соответствующие вызовы Windows.
Цитата:
When a fork system call is made to the Windows Subsystem for Linux, lxcore.sys does some of the initial work to prepare for copying the process. It then calls internal Windows NT kernel APIs to create the process with the correct semantics, and completes copying additional data for the new process.
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Почитать:
https://winehq.org.ru/WSL
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/faq
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/reference
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/wsl/